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"Developing Football Strength", Build A Better Athlete, page 101

Strength appears to be the simplest, but is in fact the most complex physical quality to be developed. The type of equipment and exercises used, how the exercises are performed, and the training regime all play very important roles in determining results .

Free weights are recommended over machine weights for almost all athletes. The reason for this is that when one uses free weights (barbells, dumbbells, medicine balls, rubber tubing, etc.), the resistance can be moved in a manner more suited to the sports skill's neuromuscular pattern. With free weights, the athlete must guide and control the movement throughout the execution. In the process, balance and stability are developed because the total body participates in every exercise, especially when relatively heavy weights are used. When machine weights are used, one must do what the machine dictates. The athlete is guided by the machine rather than by what the body or limbs are intended to do. For this reason, machine exercises are useful for general conditioning purposes, not specificity. Medicine balls are used in many different exercises to develop strength, but their greatest value lies in explosive midsection and arm training. The sudden forces experienced upon catching a weighted ball also imitates what happens in football when contact is made with another player.Rubber Tubing allows the athlete to duplicate movement patterns seen in the execution of football skills that cannot be done with dumbbells, barbells or exercise machines. With rubber tubing, you can create resistance in any and all directions so that replication of the sports skill movement pattern is possible. The rubber tubing must have specific tensions and accessories so it can be attached to different parts of the body, as well as to different objects on the field, in the gym or at home.

"General vs. Football Strength Exercises", Build A Better Athlete page 98

An exercise does not have the same effect nor does it improve sports (football in this case) performance to the same degree for athletes at different levels of development. The impact of an exercise also depends on whether it has a direct effect on the ports skill. For example: General Strength Exercises are those exercises that are used in overall body conditioning. They are not directly related to the specific actions seen in the sports, or football, skill. The overhead press exercise for running can be used to illustrate this concept. It is a common exercise in which the arms move sideways directly upward from the shoulders. In running, however, the arms move in a forward-backward motionin relation to the trunk. Thus, while the overhead press is a good exercise for strengthening the shoulders and arms, which are used in running, it does not duplicate the arm and shoulder movements in the exact actions (pathways) used in running, and so does little to improve that sports skill. But general exercises serve as a base upon which one can add specialized exercises.

Strength Training

When the movement pattern in the exercise duplicates what occurs in the run (or sports skill), it is known as a specialized exercise. For a runner, an example of a specialized exercise for the shoulders and arms is driving your arm from behind your body to the front of your body in the same pathway and in the same range of motion as in the running stride.

Specialized Strength Exercises are designed and selected so that the movements and actions closely match those seen in the execution of the sports skill. They also promote psychological traits such as decisiveness, willpower, perseverance and confidence to achieve specific goals. They have similar concentration and psychological qualities as those seen in competition on the football field specifically. For example, execution of certain specialized exercises requires concentration to develop the neuromuscular pathway needed. A strength exercise that duplicates one aspect of a skill requires ultimate concentration and perseverance to repeat exactly the same movement time after time to develop the necessary muscle feel. For the specialized exercises to have maximum positive transfer the athlete must be decisive in their movements and actions to develop the confidence to repeat the action during play.

"The need for specificity: explosiveness and technique"; Verkshansky

The role of strength preparation is greatly valued in American football ; however, it is usually of general development character and has little correlation to the specific work of the neuromuscular system as needed in football. The role of strength preparation is not only for increasing muscular strength, which by itself gives a definite advantage, but for developing the specific training effects of strength exercises.-[9] The essence of the matter is, for adaptation of the nerve-muscle system to the stress of high eccentric and explosive demands required in football, more specific & intense exercises are needed than the typical general exercises commonly used to produce football strength, such as jump training and olympic style lifts.

If there is non-effective use of strength exercises, there will be a definite disparity between the functional levels of the skeletal muscle system and the capabilities of the nerve-muscle system.-[10] Specialized strength work shows a strong training effect on the nerve-muscle system.

Specialized exercises are used to develop the physical and/ or psychological qualities that apply direct to Football.-[11]. For example, a player, standing, using his hip flexors pulls his leg from behind his body to underneath his hips forcefully, duplicating the knee drive action seen in running and sprinting.-[12] By changing repetitions and speed of execution, the exercises can become explosive (high intensity) or develop muscular endurance. This is all predicated on what improvement the specific football player needs. Developing physical abilities specific to running, cutting, and jumping technique will have profound results in football related strength and game performance. In addition, execution of certain specialized exercises requires concentration to develop the neuromuscular pathway needed.-[13] A strength exercise which duplicates a particular portion of a skill requires ultimate concentration and perseverance to repeat exactly the same movement time after time. This does not mean that general exercises are of no benefit. They play a very important role in the initial stages of improving a player's performance. The general exercises precede the specialized exercises to develop a base upon which the special exercises can be done most effectively.-[14] All the advantages of specialized strength work can be realized only with its effective organization.-[15]

References:

1. Yessis M. Build A Better Athlete what’s Wrong with American Sports and How to Fix It, Equilibrium Books, A Division of Wish Publishing, Terre Haute, Indiana, USA, 2006

2. Zatisiosky V.M. , Kramere W.J.  Science and Practice of Strength Training second edition, Human Kinetics, 2006 

3. Verkhoshansky Y., V.N. Deniskin, V.V. Mamadzhanyan, I.M. Dobrovolsky, “Factors That Influence the Working Effect of Explosive Force in Speed-Strength Types of Sports”, Fitness and Sports Review International, 29-3 & 4, 1994

4. Verkhoshansky Y. Special Strength Training A Practical Manual For Coaches , Mockba, Moscow, Russia, 2006  

5. Verkhoshansky Y. , Mel C. Siff Super Training, Ultimate Athlete Concepts, Michigan, USA, 2006

6.Martin, D. (Ed.) (1991) Handbuch Trainingslehre [Handbook of Training Theory and Methodology]. Schorndorf, F.R.G.: Verlag Karl Hofmann.

7. Verkhosnansky Y., V.N. Deniskin, V.V. Mamadzhanyan, I.M. Dobrovolsky, “Factors That Influence the Working Effect of Explosive Force in Speed-Strength Types of Sports”, Fitness and Sports Review International, 29-3 & 4, 1994

8.  Matvejev, L. P. (1971). Problema periodizacii sportivnoj trenirovki [The problem of the periodization of athletic training]. Moscow. USSR: Fiskultura i sport.

9. Komarova A. “Strength and Technique”, Track and Field, 12: 13-14, 1974

10. MacDougall, J. D. (1986). Morphological changes in human skeletal muscle following strength training and immobilization. In N.L Jones, N. McCartney and A.J. McComas (Eds.). Human Muscle Power (pp. 269-285). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics Publishers.

11.  Bondarchuk A. P. Transfer of Training in Sports Volume II translated by Dr. Michael Yessis, Ultimate Athlete Concepts, Michigan, USA, 2008

12. Yessis M. Secrets of Russian Sports Fitness and Training, Ultimate Athlete Concepts, Michigan, USA, 2008

13. Yessis M. Build A Better Athlete what’s Wrong with American Sports and How to Fix It, Equilibrium Books, A Division of Wish Publishing, Terre Haute, Indiana, USA, 2006

14. Issurin V. Block Periodization 2: Fundamental Concepts and Training Design, Ultimate Athlete Concepts, Michigan, USA, 2008

15. Yessis M. Explosive Plyometrics, Ultimate Athlete Concepts, Michigan USA, 2009

16. Topchiyan V.S., Kadachkova P.I., Komarova A.D. “Training Young Athletes In The Yearly Cycle in Speed STrength and Cyclical Type Sports (Condensed)” Teoriya i Praktika Fizicheskoi Kultury, 11: 47-50, 1983